Based on the theory of cognitive linguistics, this thesis makes a comparative study of the semantic structures of passive sentences in Chinese and Japanese, and focuses on the following issues: (a)What is the semantic features of the prototype of passive sentences in Chinese and Japanese? (b)What are the relationships between the subclasses of passive sentences in Chinese and Japanese? (c)What are the differences between Chinese and Japanese cognitive mechanisms of passive sentences? The main innovation of this thesis lies in the combination of Idealized Cognitive Models of Events (ICMs of Events) and reference-point theory. By investigating the event structure and reference-point constructions of passive sentences in Chinese and Japanese, the differences between Chinese and Japanese passives were compared and analyzed, and a reasonable explanation for the cognitive motivation is provided. This thesis argues that in order to fully describe the semantic structure of passive sentences, it is necessary to make a detailed analysis of the event structure and the reference-point construction of passive sentences in Chinese and Japanese. An event structure is acausal chain (or action chain) contained in that event. The active and passive sentences, relate to the fact that which part of the causal chain is profiled, while a reference-point construction relates to the point of view of the speaker's observation, that is, to determine the component that serves as a reference point to make mental access with others. For these reasons, this thesis firstly analyzes the views of the basic semantic features of Chinese passive sentences, and finds that these views can be unified into ICMs of Events. In this thesis, the semantic prototype of passive sentences in Chinese and Japanese are clearly set out by decomposing the common elements-- involvement and affectivity of them. Non-affectivity passive sentences in Chinese and Japanese are different from the event structure expressed by the predicate verbs. Chinese Non-affectivity passive sentence needs a natural relationship between the event and the patient, but Japanese Non-affectivity passive sentence needs the event to have a physical effect. Chinese and Japanese have a common semantic basis, but they are different in the way of expression. The previous studies have not fully paid attention to the reference-point construction of passive sentences in Chinese and Japanese. In this thesis, reference-point construction has been proved that it is common in passive sentences, and it is pointed out that there are multiple levels in the reference-point construction of passive sentence, which is the essential difference between Non-affectivity passive sentence and affectivity passive sentence. Cognitive operations related to the reference-point construction play a key role in the formation of various types of passive sentences in Chinese and Japanese. In affectivity passive sentence, three operations related to the reference point are involved: the formation of reference point, the transfer of reference point and the strengthening of reference-point construction, Each classification of passive sentences in Chinese and Japanese is based on one or two operations mentioned above. Topic structure, trajector / landmark configuration, and the semantic structure passive markers play a decisive role in the operations of reference point, The significance of this thesis is to establish a unified theoretical framework, which can effectively explain the various phenomena of passive sentences in Chinese and Japanese, especially a feasible solution is proposed for those outstanding issues, such as the semantic prototype of passive sentences, the relationships between subclasses, various grammatical differences between Chinese long passive and short passive. In addition, this paper is helpful to describe the differences between Chinese and Japanese. It also helps to discover important features that are easily overlooked in the Ontological study on Chinese and Japanese, and to provide a new approach to the Contrastive studies of the language phenomena other than passive sentence. Finally, this thesis makes a detailed description of the reference-point construction of passive sentence in Chinese and Japanese, which will offer some suggestions for wider application of the reference-point theory.

本文以認知語言學理論為基礎，對漢日被動句的語義結構進行對比研究。重點解決以下問題:一、漢日被動句的語義原型究竟是什麼?二、漢日被動句的各下位分類之間存在怎樣的聯繁?三、漢日被動句的對應關係反映了怎樣的認知機制差異?本文最大的創新在於结合事件的理想化認知模型和認知参照點理論，通過考察對漢日被動句的事件结構和參照點结構，對比分析漢日被動句的差異，並合理解釋了其背後的認知理據。本文認為，為了充分描寫漢日被動句的語義基礎，須要對漢日被動句的事件结構以及參照點结構作詳細分析。事件結構的實質是包含在某事件之中的因果鏈(或力傳遞關係)，主動句和被動句反映了說話人把因果鏈中的哪一部分作為側顯對象。而參照點結構涉及說話人觀察事件的角度，即以哪個成分作為参照點對其他成分进行心理接觸。基於上述原因，本文首先對關於漢語被動句的語義原型的各種觀點进行重新分析，發現這些觀點都可以统一到事件的理想化認知模型中。接著，通過分解關聯性和受影響這兩個漢日被動句共有的要素，清晰地勾劃出漢日被動句的語義原型：漢日無影響被動句的差異表現為謂語動詞所表達的事件具有不同的性質，漢語無影響被動句需要事件具有自然關聯，而日語無影響被動句須要事件具有物理性作用；漢日有影響被動句具有共同的語義基礎，但在表現方式上卻有所不同。另一方面，本文首次證明了漢日被動句均存在参照點结構，並指出在受影響被動句中參照點結構存在多重性，這是受影響被動句與無影響被動句的本質差異。與參照點結構相關的認知操作對各種類型的漢日被動句的形成具有關鍵作用。受影響被動句中包含了三種參照點操作:参照點的形成、参照點的轉移、参照點结構的強化，漢日受影響被動句的各下位分類都是基於其中一種或兩種参照點操作而形成的。話題結構、射體/界標的配置方式、以及被動標記的語義結構這三方面決定了相關參照點操作能否實現。本文的意義在於建立起统一的理論框架，系统而有效地解釋了漢日被動句的各種現象，特别是對那些懸而未決的問题，如被動句的語義原型、被動句的各下位分類之間的關係、漢語長、短被動句的各種語法差異等提出了可行的解決方案。另外，本文有助於更清晰地刻畫漢語和日語之間的差異，也有助於發現那些在漢日本體研究中容易被忽视的重要特徵，為日後對被動句以外的語言現象進行對比研究提供新思路。最後，本文對漢日被動句的參照點結構進行精細化描寫，這将為認知參照點理論的更廣泛應用提供參考。