People have started to control drugs since 1909, and now already near ninety years. From the beginning on the meeting about the drug problems to the discussion of controlling opium and furthermore to the open stage of how people had been addicted to drugs, and now to the control of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. There were already called off many times of the International Conference in between about the set up of Convention, Protocol Amending and Mutual Agreement. In 1961, 1971, and 1988, cause of the seriousness in the abuse of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, the United Nations had been passing three important Conventions about the substances under international control, and they are: 1. Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 2. Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 1971 3. The United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, 1988. The principle of the International Control Substances Convention is that every state or country or territory must strictly implement control system to make sure that Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances are only for the use of medical and scientific purposes. All government in the world must try their very best to prevent the abuse of these medications, and at the same time need to set up regulation to eliminate illicit traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. The Convention has requested every party to control the availability of these medications. As for those who are in manufacturers, traders, or people in the related fields, or cooperation are obligated to get the licenses, and people must need to get the prescription from doctors before they can get their supply or purchases. Putting effort on the warning on packaging or reinforcement on the advertising or emphasis on the control of international trade are highly restricted. For the transportation of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, there have already set up system for getting permits in the import certificate or export authorization, and the facilities for supervision and inspection have already been founded. In addition, all parties are compulsorily requested to furnish an estimated report to the International Narcotics Control Board for the uses of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic substances in the medical and scientific purposes, in the manufacturing of other Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic substances, as well as the manufacturing quantities of opium, so as to establish the most estimated system. Furthermore, encouraging all the parties to participate and work out in every single regulation set up by the Convention with those non-parties, and follow the blue book of the three recent International Control Substances Convention, and to tailor a suitable control system on Narcotic drugs and Psychotropic substances in all different state or country or territory. In China, there are not only twenty-nine provinces, municipality directly under the jurisdiction of the central government, autonomous regions, and also included Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Macau Special Administrative Region and Taiwan Region. Based on the different social system, cultural background, and incoming history, there are not only difference on their own provision in controlling the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances and also difference on their administrative ways. The types of substances under the control are different, too. This essay is based on the concept of the Control Substances Convention under the United Nations, to discuss the controlling system of Narcotic drugs and Psychotropic Substances, to describe the background, the upcoming history and the development processing of Narcotic drugs and Psychotropic Substances. Moreover, in comparison of the Chinese territories about the developing history of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, which are included Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Macau Special Administrative Region and Taiwan Region. Based on the explanation and understanding that different control ordinances of different regions are related to their own provision, legislative background and also spirit, so as to compare the difference of every control ordinance between the control system and the administrative ways. Key words: International Narcotics Control Board; Convention; Narcotic Drugs; Psychotropic Substances

人類開始禁止藥物始於 1909年，至今已有近 90多年的歷史，由最初的禁煙毒會議討論管制鸦片問題揭開人類管制依赖性藥物的序幕，延伸至目前麻醉藥品和精神藥物的管理，國際間曾召開多次會議研討並制訂公約、議定書及協定，聯合國基於麻醉藥品和精神藥物的滥用日趨嚴重，於是1961年、1971年和1988年分別簽訂了三個重要的國際管制藥物公約，分別為:《1961年麻醉品單一公約》、《1971年精神藥物公約》和《1988 年禁止非法販運麻醉藥品和精神藥物公約》。 國際管制藥物公約的宗旨是各領土/國家/地區必须探取格的管制措施以確保麻醉藥品和精神藥物僅限於醫療和科研目的，各國政府要盡最大努力以防止這些藥物的濫用，同時需要立法打擊非法販運麻醉藥品和精神藥物。公約要求各締約國限制這些藥品的可獲得性，對從事製造、贸易或分配業務之人或企業規定領有執照，必須憑醫生處方方可得供應或配給，其包装上之警語及廣告宣傳應加以控制，並限制其國際贸易，對麻醉藥品和精神藥物的運输採取輸出及輸入許可證制度，建立監察及檢查措施。 此外，要求各締約國應按規定向联合國國際麻管局提送有關的統計報告，對麻醉藥品在供醫藥及科學用途、用以製造其他麻醉藥品、生產鴉片的數量等予以建立預估制度，同時須實施取締非法產銷行動，加強國家管理，展開國際合作。與此同時，鼓勵締約國與非締約應實踐公約的各項規定，並以現行的三个國際管制藥物公約為藍本，製訂適合其領土/國家/地區的麻醉藥品和精神藥物的管制條例。 中國本身有 29 個省、直轄市、自治區以外，尚包括香港特別行政區、澳門特別行政區以及臺灣地區。基於不同的社會制度、文化背景以及歷史的原因，在麻醉藥品和精神藥物的管理上不但各自有自己的條例、法律、规章以及管理方式，甚至在受管制藥物的品種範圍也不盡相同。 本文以聯合國管制藥物公約為本，探討其對於麻醉藥品和精神藥物的管制方法，闡述國際藥物公約的背景、歷史淵源以及發展的過程，從而比較中國包括香港特別行政區、澳門特別行政區以及臺灣地區有關麻醉藥品和精神藥物管理條例的歷史沿革，期藉由分析及了解各個地區「管理條例」相關條文規定以及立法背景和精神，对比各個管制條例在監管制度與管理上之異同。 關鍵詞：國際麻醉品管制局；公約；麻醉藥品；精神藥物